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Ecological Perspectives on Language Endangerment

Applying the Sustainable Use Model for Language Development

M. Paul Lewis and Gary F. Simons, Editors
This volume contains the proceedings of a symposium that took place during the 2011 annual meeting of the American Association for Applied Linguistics (AAAL) in Chicago, Illinois. The purpose of the symposium was to present the Sustainable Use Model for Language Development (SUM) and, in particular, to demonstrate the application of the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS) as a means of describing language ecologies in different parts of the world. Case studies on Bangladesh, Brazil, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Malaysia are included.

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About the Book

This volume contains the proceedings of a symposium that took place during the 2011 annual meeting of the American Association for Applied Linguistics (AAAL) in Chicago, Illinois. The purpose of the symposium was to present the Sustainable Use Model for Language Development (SUM) and, in particular, to demonstrate the application of the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS) as a means of describing language ecologies in different parts of the world.

The book consists of 3 introductory chapters which give an overview of the Sustainable Use Model. Chapter 1 (Lewis), gives a general overview. Chapter 2 (Simons) gives a more detailed description of the EGIDS and the FAMED conditions and includes an EGIDS evaluation tool as an appendix. Chapter 3 (Karan, forthcoming) provides an explanation of the Perceived Benefit Model which serves as the basis for the SUM's description of Motivation, one of the FAMED conditions. These foundational chapters are followed by four cases studies in which the language ecologies of Brazil (Anonby, Chp. 4), Bangladesh (Kim, Chp. 5), Democratic Republic of Congo (Bagamba and Boone, Chp. 6) and Malaysia (Lewis, Moody and Rose, Chp. 7) are described by using the EGIDS to develop a profile of language vitality in each country. A final chapter, (Quakenbush, Chp. 8) summarizes the lessons learned from these case studies. 

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About the Authors

M. Paul Lewis

M. Paul Lewis served as general editor of Ethnologue: Languages of the World from 2004 to 2016, and is a Senior Consultant in Sociolinguistics with SIL International. His primary research and publication interests are in language maintenance, shift and death, language policy and planning, and language documentation. He has authored, co-authored, or edited more than 50 publications. Along with Gary F. Simons, he is a developer of the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS) and the Sustainable Use Model (SUM). Beyond his duties as general editor of the Ethnologue (www.ethnologue.com), he has primarily done research, consulting and training in sociolinguistics with SIL International in Africa, Australia, Asia, Central America, Europe and North America.

Gary F. Simons, Editors

Gary F. Simons is a Research Associate with SIL International (Dallas, TX) and Executive Editor of the Ethnologue (http://www.ethnologue.com/). He is also Adjunct Professor of Applied Linguistics at Dallas International University. Previously he has served in SIL as Director of Academic Computing (1986-1999), Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs (1999-2009), and Chief Research Officer (2010-2024). Early in his career he was involved in language development activities in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands.  More recently he has contributed to the development of cyberinfrastructure for linguistics as co-founder of the Open Language Archives Community (http://www.language-archives.org/) and co-developer of the ISO 639-3 standard of three-letter identifiers for all known languages of the world (http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/). He holds a PhD in general linguistics (with minor emphases in computer science and classics) from Cornell University. He is an author or editor of over 100 publications (http://www.sil.org/~simonsg/).

Contents

Table of Contents

Preface

Contributors

1.Introducing the Sustainable Use Model

  1. 1.1Introduction
  2. 1.2Basic assumptions and concepts of the SUM
  3. 1.3The SUM process
  4. 1.4The FAMED conditions
  5. 1.5Summary and conclusions
  6. 1.6References

2.Expanding Fishman’s GIDS

  1. 2.1GIDS: A measuring rod for language vitality
  2. 2.2EGIDS: An expanded GIDS
  3. 2.3EGIDS and sustainability
  4. 2.4Assigning an EGIDS level
  5. 2.5Sustainability and the FAMED conditions
  6. 2.6EGIDS as an implicational scale
  7. 2.7Conclusion
  8. 2.8Appendix: A job aid for EGIDS assessors
  9. 2.9References

3.Motivation as a Condition for Sustainable Language Use

  1. 3.1Motivation within the SUM
  2. 3.2How the SUM is used
  3. 3.3Motivational alignment
  4. 3.4The Perceived Benefit Model and motivational alignment
  5. 3.5Conclusion
  6. 3.6References

4.The Extended Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale Applied in Brazil

  1. 4.1A general profile of the language ecology
  2. 4.2Languages being maintained against all odds
  3. 4.3Languages that are shifting quickly
  4. 4.4A discussion of the EGIDS levels, applied primarily to indigenous languages
  5. 4.5References

5.Towards a Language Vitality Profile of Bangladesh

  1. 5.1Overview
  2. 5.2An EGIDS profile of Bangladesh
  3. 5.3Applying the SUM and FAMED conditions to EGIDS level 5 languages
  4. 5.4Language change not accounted for
  5. 5.5EGIDS level 3 vehicularity: how wide is wide enough?
  6. 5.6Conclusion
  7. 5.7References

6.Challenges to Applying the EGIDS in Northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo

  1. 6.1Introduction
  2. 6.2EGIDS profile of the Democratic Republic of Congo
  3. 6.3Case Studies
  4. 6.4Bale-dha: Is the killer being killed?
  5. 6.5Known cases of language shift in northeastern Congo
  6. 6.6Lessons learned
  7. 6.7Conclusion
  8. 6.8References

7.Profiles of Language Vitality in Malaysia

  1. 7.1Introduction
  2. 7.2Methodology
  3. 7.3A tentative profile of Malaysian language vitality
  4. 7.4Initial cluster hypotheses
  5. 7.5Summary and conclusions
  6. 7.6References

8.Some Lessons Learned in Applying EGIDS and the Sustainable Use Model

  1. 8.1Comparing four country profiles
  2. 8.2EGIDS distinctives
  3. 8.3Lessons learned
  4. 8.4Summarizing SUM and EGIDS
  5. 8.5References

About the Publisher

About the Publisher

This book is published on Leanpub by Pike Center

Pike Center for Integrative Scholarship is an initiative of SIL International that builds capacity for language development through scholarship. SIL works alongside ethnolinguistic communities as they discover how language development addresses the challenging areas of their daily lives—social, cultural, political, economic and spiritual.

One of Pike Center’s strategies for building capacity is to grow the needed bodies of knowledge through its Agile Publishing program. We are using this lean publishing platform to give our affiliated scholars a platform for developing and refining new contributions to growing bodies of knowledge that support the language development movement. Many of our titles are still in a preliminary stage of development. Others are finished but have such a narrow audience that we have not elected to turn them into print books. Still others have reached the maturity of becoming a print book; in such cases, this is indicated by a link on the landing page for the book.

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