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Language and Identity in a Multilingual, Migrating World

Gary F. Simons and J. Stephen Quakenbush

Issues of language and identity can make or break any kind of development project. Failure to take these concepts into account can result in irrelevant projects, unused products, and lost opportunities. But the relationship between language and identity is complex and varied—and even more so in a highly multilingual, massively migrating world.

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Issues of language and identity can make or break any kind of development project—in large part because they determine the degree of access to new information, ideas and behavior, but also because they influence a community’s willingness and desire to make any kind of change in the first place. Failure to take these concepts into account can result in irrelevant projects, unused products, programs without impact, and lost opportunities. But the relationship between language and identity is complex and varied—and even more so in a highly multilingual, massively migrating world.

These are the issues that were addressed in the Pike Center symposium on the theme of Language and Identity in a Multilingual, Migrating World. The symposium was held 10–15 May 2018 in Penang, Malaysia. This volume contains the full text of the papers that were presented at the symposium.

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About the Authors

Gary F. Simons

Gary F. Simons is a Research Associate with SIL International (Dallas, TX) and Executive Editor of the Ethnologue (http://www.ethnologue.com/). He is also Adjunct Professor of Applied Linguistics at Dallas International University. Previously he has served in SIL as Director of Academic Computing (1986-1999), Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs (1999-2009), and Chief Research Officer (2010-2024). Early in his career he was involved in language development activities in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands.  More recently he has contributed to the development of cyberinfrastructure for linguistics as co-founder of the Open Language Archives Community (http://www.language-archives.org/) and co-developer of the ISO 639-3 standard of three-letter identifiers for all known languages of the world (http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/). He holds a PhD in general linguistics (with minor emphases in computer science and classics) from Cornell University. He is an author or editor of over 100 publications (http://www.sil.org/~simonsg/).

J. Stephen Quakenbush

J. Stephen Quakenbush is Director of Strategic Initiatives (Language Services) with SIL International. He has served as Director of SIL Philippines, Academic Services Director for SIL Asia, and also International Academic Services Director. He has published on language development, language vitality and endangered languages. Otherwise, his publications have centered on the linguistics and sociolinguistics of Agutaynen, an Austronesian language of Palawan, Philippines, where he engaged in translation and language development work over a twenty-year period. He holds a PhD in Sociolinguistics from Georgetown University, and is a Fellow of the Pike Center for Integrative Scholarship.

Contents

Table of Contents

Contributors

1.Introduction

  1. 1.1Part One: Understanding Multiples
  2. 1.2Part Two: Varying Contexts
  3. 1.3Part Three: Heart Matters
  4. 1.4Part Four: Descriptive Studies
  5. 1.5Afterword
  6. 1.6References
  7. IPart One: Understanding Multiples

2.Identity Choices of Minoritized Communities: Testing the Identity Construction Factors

  1. 2.1Defining who we are
  2. 2.2The Identity Construction Factors (ICF)
  3. 2.3How the ICF relates to identity choices
  4. 2.4Two case studies
  5. 2.5Applying the ICF to the case studies
  6. 2.6Critiquing the ICF approach
  7. 2.7Practical application of the ICF
  8. 2.8References

3.Remembering Ethnicity: The Role of Language in the Construction of Identity16

  1. 3.1Introduction
  2. 3.2The role of language as one among multiple markers of ethnic identity
  3. 3.3Identities and languages in contact
  4. 3.4Sustaining the memory of a heritage identity
  5. 3.5Strategies for preserving the memory of an ethnic identity
  6. 3.6Emerging identities, emerging languages
  7. 3.7Conclusions
  8. 3.8References

4.The Dynamics of Identity: How Migration and Diaspora Impact Identity and Multilingualism

  1. 4.1Introduction
  2. 4.2Superdiversity
  3. 4.3The value of a model and the Perceived Benefit Model
  4. 4.4The importance of identity, affiliation, and solidarity
  5. 4.5Appropriate consideration of identity
  6. 4.6Conclusion
  7. 4.7References

5.Identity and Melting Pots: Negotiating Identity by Resisting or Pursuing Accommodation

  1. 5.1Introduction
  2. 5.2Historical overview of the Frisians
  3. 5.3Frisians and accommodation
  4. 5.4Theoretical foundation
  5. 5.5Connecting practice to ideal
  6. 5.6Frysk and “Language of the Heart”
  7. 5.7Language and identity
  8. 5.8Conclusion
  9. 5.9References
  10. IIPart Two: Varying Contexts

6.New Urban Varieties in Africa and the Identities That Go with Them

  1. 6.1The linguistic context
  2. 6.2A typology of urban African varieties
  3. 6.3Language development and hybrid language practices
  4. 6.4Urban identities
  5. 6.5Conclusion: Urban language varieties and identities that do not self identify
  6. 6.6References

7.Translanguaging, Identity, and Education in Our Multilingual World

  1. 7.1Introduction
  2. 7.2Multilingualism: Two kinds, but a continuum between the two
  3. 7.3Multilingualism from a multilingual perspective
  4. 7.4Multilingualism and mother tongue (MT)
  5. 7.5Translanguaging as effective linguistic performance
  6. 7.6Translanguaging and complex and fluid identity
  7. 7.7Implications of translanguaging in education
  8. 7.8Conclusion
  9. 7.9Appendix: Transcription Conventions
  10. 7.10References

8.Identity and Diaspora: Making Personal Identity Claims through Relational Networks

  1. 8.1Introduction
  2. 8.2Defining identity and diaspora
  3. 8.3Language use by transnationals and translocals
  4. 8.4Territory and transnationals and translocals
  5. 8.5Relational networks and identity claims within diasporas
  6. 8.6Living as transnationals and translocals
  7. 8.7Conclusion
  8. 8.8References

9.Hidden Language, Hidden Identity: Identity Issues of Refugees from Minority Language Groups

  1. 9.1Introduction
  2. 9.2My personal journey
  3. 9.3Definitions of identity, ethnicity, and refugee
  4. 9.4Experiences impacting identity issues of the refugee
  5. 9.5Language and identity
  6. 9.6Rebuilding identity
  7. 9.7Conclusion
  8. 9.8Appendix: Data summary
  9. 9.9Appendix: Interview Questions
  10. 9.10References

10.African Cross-Border Languages: Might or Plight?

  1. 10.1Context and rationale for researching cross-border languages
  2. 10.2Describing the cross-border language situation of Africa
  3. 10.3The vitality of Africa’s vehicular cross-border languages, and their impact on identity and language shift
  4. 10.4The vitality of Africa’s limited cross-border languages, and their impact on language shift and development
  5. 10.5Understanding the implications for development of cross-border languages
  6. 10.6Summary and conclusion
  7. 10.7References
  8. IIIPart Three: Heart Matters

11.“Heart Language” as a Technical Term: A Critical Review

  1. 11.1SIL’s historical language ideology
  2. 11.2Searching for the origins of “heart language”
  3. 11.3Fitting terminology to audience
  4. 11.4Perpetuating a monolingual bias
  5. 11.5Hindering academic discourse
  6. 11.6Conclusion
  7. 11.7References

12.L1 and L2 Comprehension and Emotional Impact among Early Proficient Bilinguals

  1. 12.1Introduction
  2. 12.2Comprehension
  3. 12.3Impact
  4. 12.4Conclusion
  5. 12.5References

13.When None of My Heart Languages Is My Mother Tongue73

  1. 13.1Introduction
  2. 13.2Comprehension
  3. 13.3Intuitive impact
  4. 13.4Social capital
  5. 13.5Case studies and application
  6. 13.6Conclusion
  7. 13.7References

14.Reflections on “Language of the Heart” or “Acquired Reflex Language”

  1. 14.1Reflections
  2. 14.2Notes relative to theoretical models
  3. 14.3References
  4. IVPart Four: Descriptive Studies

15.Linguistic Identity and Dialect Diversity: A Conundrum with Regard to Magar Kham91

  1. 15.1Introduction
  2. 15.2Linguistic diversity among the Magar Kham
  3. 15.3Ethnic identity as a foil of linguistic diversity
  4. 15.4Responses to linguistic diversity
  5. 15.5Magar Kham: A family of languages or dialects
  6. 15.6Magar Kham aspirations
  7. 15.7Lack of fit
  8. 15.8Summary
  9. 15.9References

16.Hiding Your Identity: The Case of Talysh97

  1. 16.1Introduction
  2. 16.2The Talysh community
  3. 16.3The Lezgi and Pamiri communities
  4. 16.4Talysh revisited
  5. 16.5Implications
  6. 16.6References

17.Language Choice and Language Attitudes in Identity Formation among the Roma of Sadova

  1. 17.1Aims
  2. 17.2Background
  3. 17.3Research questions
  4. 17.4Theoretical background
  5. 17.5Methodology
  6. 17.6Questionnaire results
  7. 17.7Discussion of interview results in combination with other observations
  8. 17.8Implications for language development work
  9. 17.9References

18.Ethnolinguistic Landscapes of Madagascar: Surviving a Century of Erosive Language Policies

  1. 18.1Imagine the scene
  2. 18.2Language development in Madagascar
  3. 18.3Language ecology
  4. 18.4Sociolinguistics and language policies in Madagascar
  5. 18.5Diglossia
  6. 18.6Views of ethnicity, ethnolinguistic vitality, and Ethnolinguistic Identity Theory
  7. 18.7Applying ethnolinguistic identity theory (ELIT) to the case of language maintenance in Madagascar
  8. 18.8Conclusion
  9. 18.9References

19.Multilingualism, Urbanization, and Identity among the Ejagham Speaking People

  1. 19.1Introductory and theoretical comments
  2. 19.2Profile of the Ejagham community128
  3. 19.3Nodes of convergence
  4. 19.4Eastern Ejagham region relative to multilingualism and urbanization
  5. 19.5Western Ejagham region relative to multilingualism and urbanization
  6. 19.6Ejagham and education
  7. 19.7Diaspora relative to multilingualism and urbanization
  8. 19.8Conclusion
  9. 19.9References

20.Ethnologue as a Sourcebook for Mapping Multilingualism: The Case of Sango

  1. 20.1The changing role of Ethnologue in a multilingual world140
  2. 20.2Mapping the range of L2 use
  3. 20.3Mapping the degree of L2 use
  4. 20.4Identity and the spread of Sango
  5. 20.5Conclusion
  6. 20.6References
  7. VAfterword

21.The Research Agenda Going Forward

  1. 21.1References

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